Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a powerful tool for global health, helping countries detect and manage diseases more effectively. During the 2022–2023 Mpox outbreak, AI played a crucial role in Rwanda, where a skin image detection tool was deployed at border checkpoints. This AI tool, used on mobile devices, helped health workers detect cases early and prevent the spread of the disease.
AI technology, once trained for specific tasks, can be adapted for other infectious diseases. For example, AI-supported screening is already used to manage tuberculosis in many countries with the help of the Global Fund. Expanding this capability to other diseases can be done at a reasonable cost, improving testing, diagnosis, and treatment.
For AI to create lasting impact, it must be built on strong digital infrastructure and reliable health systems. Countries with basic connectivity can start with simple tools like triage chatbots, inventory alerts, or text reminders. As digital systems mature, they can adopt advanced applications like predictive outbreak surveillance, automated diagnostics, and real-time data analysis.
However, adopting AI requires careful planning and investment. Low-income countries often face budget limitations and high borrowing costs. To overcome these challenges, concessional financing, pooled funds, and partnerships between governments, private companies, and global organizations are essential. Shared infrastructure, like solar-powered servers and regional analytics hubs, can reduce initial risks and help countries integrate AI without heavy upfront costs.
Experts suggest four key principles for success:
- Assess readiness – Match AI tools to a country’s digital and financial capacity.
- Phase ambition – Start with simple solutions and expand gradually.
- Public–private co-investment – Share costs and expertise across sectors.
- Plan for ownership – Ensure clear handover from pilot programs to large-scale systems.
By following these principles, AI can help build stronger, fairer healthcare systems capable of preventing and managing diseases more effectively. Moving from small-scale experiments to nationwide solutions will ensure that AI benefits everyone, especially vulnerable populations.
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